Hiiraan Online

by Mahdi Haile
Wednesday, December 31, 2008

Introduction

Another critical challenge is organizing an appropriate post-conflict peace building process for Somalia—the subject of this brief memo. Peacebuilding and security are interlocked and mutually reinforcing. While efforts are underway to ensure a secure environment through effective peacekeeping, it is important to begin the process of organizing an appropriate approach to peacebuilding in Somalia. It must be recalled that peace building initiatives have been going on in Somalia since the Djibouti conference. However, Somalia now has a good chance of establishing an effective peacebuilding process that can benefit from the lessons learned from previous initiatives. The purpose of this memo is to identify some critical foundational challenges that confront peacebuilding initiatives in Somalia and to raise issues that are essential to constituting an appropriate approach to peacebuilding in Somaliathat can yield sustainable outcomes.

Achieving Sustainable Outcomes

Peacebuilding practitioners the world over have emphasized that peacebuilding projects should strive to achieve sustainable outcomes. There can be little long-term impact if peacebuilding processes cannot survive when external funding dries up or when their outcomes cannot be sustained. For example, an approach to community-level reconciliation that ignores local mechanisms of conflict resolution or leaves them weak and in a state of disrepair while relying upon external arbiters or mediators may be effective in the short run and win a good name for the external actors but deprives that community of the capacity to mange conflicts on its own over time. It should be appreciated that if peacebuilding initiatives are to produce sustainable outcomes, they must be grounded in local realities, seek to build local capacity and enhance the empowerment of local communities. There is no long-term alternative to developing and strengthening local entrepreneurial skills in problem solving if dependency and breakdowns are to be avoided. Only in this way can peacebuilding sustain peace and promote development.

The  Challenges ahead

The Need to Strengthen a Sense of Identity and Shared Community

In view of the magnitude of Somali's violent conflict, all peacebuilding challenges are important and should be treated seriously. Some, however, lie at the foundations of Somali society and constitute the base upon which other challenges and dilemmas can be more appropriately addressed if Somalia is to become viable as a country. These fundamental peacebuilding challenges involve issues having to do with identity, a sense of shared community and perceptions of exclusion and marginalization. Many of these are historical and structural challenges. The 18 year-old violent conflict that has ravaged Somalia was ignited in a society made combustible by years of governance failure, emanating not simply from shortcomings of leaders but mainly from inappropriate institutions. Over the years, governance reforms did not keep pace with or go far enough to meet Somalia's changing circumstances. For example, some of Somalia's national symbols and governance institutions constructed in the 60s have not been able to meet growing demands for inclusion and equitable distribution. Somalia's national motto, it's sense historical mission and the interpretation of its history as transmitted to students through textbooks do not always convey a sense of shared identity and shared community. These are not simply challenges that affect the elite, they penetrate the core of Somali society, affecting people's perception of themselves and of their standing in their society, and their predisposition to undertake collective action across ethnic and other communities, among other things. These issues go to the heart of what it means to be a citizen of Somalia.

Fundamental peacebuilding challenges like these need to be addressed on a long-term basis and at all levels of governance—from the level of local communities to the national level. However, because they impact almost every other endeavor in peacebuilding, the process of addressing them must begin immediately. Only Somalis can address these challenges and this is the most opportune time to do so—when self-examination and reconciliation are sorely needed. External actors can assist but Somalis must undertake such diagnostic assessment. The Somalia government OF Unity due to take over in 2009 should be encouraged and assisted in establishing a process that will address these challenges. It is also important that peacebuilding initiatives in other areas, whether in health care or natural resource use, be designed and implemented with the need to foster a sense of shared identity and community in mind.

The Need for Constitutional Reform

A sense of national identity and shared community can only be sustained through appropriate institutions, especially those that offer opportunities for broad-based participation in decision-making. Despite efforts to introduce constitutional reforms in the 1960, 1980s, Somalia remains an over-centralized state with powers so highly concentrated in the hands of the president that it is impossible to ensure legislative and judicial independence without a good-naturedly and predisposed president. There are no autonomous institutions of local governance such as county or district councils. After passage of the budget into law, the legislature has no substantive role in decision-making concerning patterns of allotment and expenditure. Such decisions are wholly the preserve of the president. Peace building initiatives that seek to reform Somalia's electoral system may facilitate the holding of one cycle of credible and participatory elections but would not address the foundational governance challenges that result from autocratic government and flawed institutions. Constitutional reforms need to be undertaken during the transitional period so that, among other changes, county and other councils of local governance can be elected and other participatory institutions established. Such reform should be seen as a medium-term peace building initiative. What is needed is a broadly participatory constitution reform process that is characterized by enlightened discourse that takes place in the open public realm.

The Djibouti peace agreement currently being negotiated, need to mandate the NU government that is to be established in 2009, to hold a national conference with a view to setting in motion a process of governance reform that should address these foundational challenges. The international community must be prepared to assist the government as needed. However, it should be the duty of suitable Somalia specialists to drive the process of governance reform in Somalia.

An Appropriate Approach to Peace building in Somalia

Promoting Empowerment and Self-reliance through Capacity Building

As already stated, eighteen years of continuous violent conflicts have taken a huge toll on lives and property in Somalia; as a result, the country's needs are enormous and wide-ranging. Humanitarian relief such as food, medicines, and tentative shelter are urgently needed and should be made available by whatever means. However, it is important for Somali's future that every peacebuilding initiative be organized with the goal of obtaining sustainable results. The best way to ensure sustainability is to promote empowerment of local people through the building of human and community capacity. Therefore, capacity building should be the objective of all peacebuilding initiatives. This requires the involvement of local people right from the start of any initiative and in ways that utilize local knowledge, build upon appropriate local institutions and other local resources and promote an orientation of self-reliance. These should constitute essential elements of the methodology of peacebuilding that should be reflected in the conceptualization, design and implementation of all peacebuilding projects and programs.

Building Bridges and Linkages

Promoting self-reliance within the context of local communities while simultaneously promoting a sense of shared identity across communities can prove to be a difficult or even contradictory if peacebuilding initiatives are not properly conceived and implemented. To achieve this balance, peacebuilding initiatives should aim to identify and strengthen local social capital that is capable of creating bridges and linkages across communities—be they ethnic, religious or regional communities. Therefore, peacebuilding practitioners must, right from the start, strive to promote individual and community empowerment on the one hand and the building of cooperative relationships across communities on the other hand—all at the same time. This also needs to be seen as a critical element of the methodology of peacebuilding appropriate for Somalia at this time.

Assessing Capabilities

Undertaking assessment of needs is a standard activity typical of peacebuilding projects. What is often neglected but also needed is an assessment of capabilities. Capabilities assessments are an indispensable tool for peacebuilding that seeks to promote sustainable outcomes rooted in local foundations. The logical first step in such peacebuilding is to find out the potentials of the people and institutions in the society: What are the value orientations and skills of local people? What is the state of local institutions and what principles of organization underpin these institutions? What are the holdings or assets of local communities and how can these contribute to self-sustained community development? A major initiative designed to assess the capabilities available in Somalia society should, of itself, be considered an indispensable initial peace building undertaking. Somali professionals and peace building practitioners are most suited to lead the implementation of this project; other Somalis can be most helpful.

Thus, a peace building approach that seeks to empower Somalis by building on existing capabilities and by strengthening within Somalis an action-orientation of self-reliance and a willingness to cooperate across communities and sub-identities seems most appropriate for Somalia at this time.

In Summary

As Somalis and the international community gear up to launch peacebuilding initiatives, the most important contribution the international community can make to peacebuilding in Somalia is to urge and assist Somalis to engage each other in constructive, problem-solving ways, to use their human and material resources to conceive of, design and implement peacebuilding programs to address the foundational challenges and other challenges of their society in a manner that produces desirable and sustainable outcomes. There is a considerable pool of Somalis talents and skills available. No degree of external support can help Somalis in the long-run if Somalis are not the driving force in peace building but are simply the beneficiaries of peacebuilding programs driven by others. And no peacebuilding approach can yield sustainable outcomes if it does not seek to empower Somalis by strengthening their individual and collective capacity to do things for themselves, to rely first on their own resources and then seek assistance from others. This is how Somalia can build and sustain peace and development in their country.